|
In music, flat, or bemolle (Italian: "soft B") means "lower in pitch". In music notation, the flat symbol, derived from a stylised lowercase "b", lowers a note by a half step.〔Benward & Saker (2003). ''Music in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1'', p. 6. McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition. "''Flat'' ()—lowers the pitch a half step."〕〔(Flat ), (Glossary ), Naxos Records〕 Intonation or tuning is said to be ''flat'' when it is below the true pitch. Flat accidentals are used in the key signatures of F major/D minor, B-flat major/G minor, E-flat major/C minor, A-flat major/F minor, D-flat major/B-flat minor, and the less frequently used keys of G-flat major/E-flat minor, C-flat major/A-flat minor. The order of flats in the key signatures of music notation, following the circle of fifths, is B, E, A, D, G, C, and F. A mnemonic for this is: Before Eating A Doughnut Get Coffee First. The Unicode character ♭ (U+266D) can be found in the block Miscellaneous Symbols; its HTML entity is ♭. Under twelve tone equal temperament, C-flat for instance is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, B-natural (B), and G-flat is the same as F-sharp (F). In any other tuning system, such enharmonic equivalences in general do not exist. To allow extended just intonation, composer Ben Johnston uses a sharp as an accidental to indicate a note is raised 70.6 cents (ratio 25:24), and a flat to indicate a note is lowered 70.6 cents.〔John Fonville. "Ben Johnston's Extended Just Intonation- A Guide for Interpreters", p. 109, ''Perspectives of New Music'', Vol. 29, No. 2 (Summer, 1991), pp. 106-137. "...the 25/24 ratio is the sharp () ratio...this raises a note approximately 70.6 cents."〕 Double flats also exist, which look like (similar to two flats, ) and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Less often (for instance in microtonal music notation) one will encounter half, or three-quarter, or otherwise altered flats. The Unicode character 𝄫 (U+1D12B) in the Musical Symbols block represents the double-flat sign. Although very uncommon and only used in modern classical music, a triple flat () can sometimes be found. It lowers a note three semitones. A half flat, indicating the use of quarter tones, may be marked with various symbols including a flat with a slash () or a reversed flat sign (). A three-quarter flat, or sesquiflat, is represented by a half flat and a regular flat (). ==See also== * Accidental (music) * Electronic tuner * Sharp (music) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flat (music)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|